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Pragmatic Genuine Philosophy
Pragmatism is a philosophy that is based on experience and context. It may lack an explicit set of fundamental principles or a coherent ethical framework. This could result in the absence of idealistic goals or transformational change.
Contrary to deflationary theories, pragmatic theories do not deny the notion that statements are related to actual events. They simply elucidate the role that truth plays in practical tasks.
Definition
The term "pragmatic" is used to describe things or people that are practical, rational and sensible. It is often contrasted with idealistic which refers to a person or notion that is based upon ideals or high principles. A person who is pragmatic considers the actual world situations and circumstances when making decisions, and is focused on what can realistically be accomplished, rather than seeking to determine the most optimal theoretical course of action.
Pragmatism, a brand new philosophical movement, focuses on the importance that practical consequences have in determining what is true, meaning or value. It is a third option to the dominant analytic and continental tradition of philosophy. It was established by Charles Sanders Peirce and William James with Josiah Royce as its founding fathers, pragmatism grew into two distinct streams, one tending towards relativism and the second toward realist thought.
One of the central issues in pragmatism concerns the nature of truth. While many pragmatists agree truth is a key concept, they are not sure what it means and how it is used in practice. One method, heavily influenced by Peirce & James, focuses on how people solve issues and make assertions, and focuses on the speech-acts and justification projects that users of language use to determine if something is true. Another method, that is influenced by Rorty and his followers, focuses on the more mundane aspects of truth, namely its ability to generalize, recommend and warn--and is not concerned with a complete theory of truth.
This neopragmatic interpretation of truth has two flaws. It is the first to flirt with relativism. Truth is a concept with so many layers of rich and long tradition that it's unlikely that its meaning could be reduced to a few commonplace use as pragmatists would do. The second flaw is that pragmatism seems to be a method that rejects the existence of truth, at least in its metaphysical sense. This is reflected in the fact that pragmatists such as Brandom (who owes an obligation to Peirce and James) are largely absent from metaphysics-related questions in Dewey's vast writings, whereas his works have only one reference to the issue of truth.
Purpose
The goal of pragmatism is to provide an alternative to the Continental and analytic traditions of philosophy. Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and their Harvard colleague Josiah Royce (1860-1916) were the first to introduce it's first generation. The classical pragmatists were focused on the theory of inquiry as well as the nature of truth. Their influence spread to a number influential American thinkers, such as John Dewey (1860-1952), who applied their ideas to education and social improvement in other dimensions. Jane Addams (1860-1935), who founded social work was also a beneficiary of this influence.
More recently a new generation of philosophers have given pragmatism a larger platform for discussion. While they are different from classic pragmatists the neo-pragmatists claim to be part of the same tradition. Robert Brandom is their main figure. He focuses his research on the philosophy and semantics of language but also draws from the philosophy of Peirce, James, and others.
One of the main distinctions between the classical pragmatists and neo-pragmatists is their understanding of what it takes for an idea to be true. The classical pragmatists focused on a concept called 'truth-functionality,' which states that an idea is genuinely true if it is useful in practice. The neo-pragmatists instead concentrate on the concept of 'ideal warranted assertion,' which says that an idea is true if a claim made about it can be justified in a certain way to a specific audience.
This view is not without its flaws. It is often accused of being used to support illogical and absurd concepts. The gremlin hypothesis is a good illustration: It's a good concept that can be applied in real life but is unfounded and probably absurd. This isn't a major issue, but it reveals one of the major weaknesses of pragmatism: it can be used as a justification for just about everything.
Significance
Pragmatic refers to the practical aspect of a decision, which is related to the consideration of real world conditions and situations when making decisions. It can also be used to refer to a philosophical perspective that emphasizes the practical implications in determining the meaning values, truth or. William James (1842-1910) first used the term pragmatism to describe this viewpoint in a speech at the University of California, Berkeley. James scrupulously swore that the word had been invented by his friend and mentor Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) however the pragmatist perspective quickly earned a name of its own.
The pragmatists rejected the sharp dichotomies in analytic philosophy, such as mind and body, thoughts and experience and synthesthetic and analytic. They also rejected the notion that truth was a fixed or objective, instead treating it as a dynamic socially-determined concept.
James utilized these themes to investigate truth in religion. A second generation turned the pragmatist perspective on education, politics and other aspects of social improvement under the great influence of John Dewey (1859-1952).
In recent years, the Neopragmatists have tried to put pragmatism within a wider Western philosophical context. They have traced the affinities between Peirce’s views and the ideas of Kant and other idealists of the 19th century and the new science of evolution theory. They also sought to clarify the role of truth in an original epistemology of a priori and developed a Metaphilosophy of the practical that includes views on language, meaning, and the nature and the origin of knowledge.
Nevertheless, pragmatism has continued to develop, and the a posteriori epistemology it developed is still considered an important departure from more traditional methods. The pragmatic theory has been criticised for a long time however, in recent years it has been receiving more attention. They include the notion that pragmatism is a flop when applied to moral questions and its assertion that "what works" is little more than relativism with a less-polished appearance.
Methods
The epistemological method of Peirce included a pragmatic elucidation. He viewed it as a way of destroying false metaphysical notions like the Catholic understanding of transubstantiation, Cartesian methods of seeking certainty in epistemology and Kant's notion of a 'thing-inself' (Simson 2010).
The Pragmatic Maxim, according to many modern pragmatists, is the best one can expect from a theoretical framework about truth. As such, they tend to steer clear of deflationist theories of truth that require verification in order to be deemed valid. Instead, they advocate an alternative method which they call "pragmatic explanation". 프라그마틱 무료 is about explaining how a concept is used in real life and identifying requirements to be met to determine whether the concept is true.
This method is often criticized for being a form relativism. But it is more moderate than the alternatives to deflationism, and therefore is a good method of overcoming some of the problems with relativist theories of truth.
This has led to a variety of philosophical liberation projects like those that are associated with eco-feminism, feminism, Native American philosophy and Latin American philosophy - are now looking to the pragmatist tradition as guidance. Furthermore, many philosophers who are analytic (such as Quine) have adopted pragmatism with a level of enthusiasm that Dewey himself could not manage.
Although pragmatism has a long legacy, it is important to realize that there are significant flaws in the philosophy. In particular, pragmatism is unable to provide any real test of truth, and it fails when it comes to moral questions.
A few of the most influential pragmatists, such as Quine and Wilfrid Sellars, also criticised the philosophy. Yet, it has been reclaimed from the ashes by a broad variety of philosophers, including Richard Rorty, Cornel West and Robert Brandom. These philosophers, despite not being classical pragmatists themselves have a lot in common with the philosophy and work of Peirce James and Wittgenstein. These works of philosophers are worth reading by anyone who is interested in this philosophical movement.