Thermodynamic Explanation involving Dilution along with Dissolution Procedures in the MgCl2CsClH2O Ternary Method

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic fungal disease caused by Paracoccidioides spp., whose clinical outcome depends on immune response. Interleukin 32 (IL-32) is a cytokine present in inflammatory and infectious diseases, including bacterial, virus and protozoan infections. Its role in fungal disease remains unclear. The axis IL-15, IL-32 and vitamin D leads to microbicidal capacity against intracellular pathogens. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate the production of IL-32 during Paracoccidioides spp. infection and whether this cytokine and IL-15 can increase P. brasiliensis control in a vitamin D dependent manner. IL-32 was highly detected in oral lesions from patients with PCM. In addition, high production of this cytokine was intracellularly detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors after exposure to particulated P. brasiliensis antigens (PbAg). The IL-32γ isoform was predominantly expressed, but there was mRNA alternative splicing for IL-32α isoform. The induction of IL-32 was dependent on Dectin-1 receptor. Infection of PBMCs with P. brasiliensis yeasts did not significantly induce IL-32 production even after activation with exogenous IFN-γ or IL-15 treatments. Although IL-15 was a potent inducer of IL-32 production, treatment with this cytokine did not increase the fungal control unless vitamin D was present in high levels. In this case, both IL-15 and IL-32 increased fungicidal activity of PBMCs. Together, data showed that IL-32 is present in lesions of PCM, PbAg induces IL-32, and the axis of IL-15/IL-32/vitamin D can contribute to control fungal infection. The data suggest that exposure to molecules from P. brasiliensis, as β-glucans, is needed to induce IL-32 production since only heat-killed and sonicated P. brasiliensis yeasts were able to increase IL-32, which was blocked by anti-Dectin-1 antibodies. This is the first description about IL-15/IL-32/vitamin D pathway role in P. brasiliensis infection.Streptococcus suis (S.suis)is an important zoonotic pathogen in pigs and human. Bacterial ghosts (BGs) which are empty envelopes were used recently as efficient delivery system in vaccine development. In this study, S.suis ghosts were prepared and protective efficacy was evaluated in mice. Sodium hydroxide was used to prepare S.suis ghosts which were visualized under scanning electron microscopy. The optimum concentration of is Sodium hydroxide 6 mg/mL for ghosts formed. To investigate the S.suis ghosts as a candidate vaccine, the 50 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups Group A (control group), group B (subcutaneous injection of inactivated S.suis 2), group C (subcutaneous injection of inactivated S.suis 9), group D (subcutaneous injection of S.suis 2 ghosts), group E (subcutaneous injection of S.suis 9 ghosts). Serum were collected from five groups on the day of 7, 14, 21 and 28 after the first immunization for potency assay. Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate sodium Indirect ELISA results showed that antibody titer of blood serum of mice from group S.suis2 ghosts and group S.suis9 ghosts were significantly higher than blank group(P less then 0.01), but were approximate to the conventional inactivated vaccine group SS2. In comparison with the conventional inactivated vaccine, S.suis ghosts as candidate vaccine strategy showed the excellent immunogenicity and provided protection against S.suis challenge in mice model.Entomopathogenic fungi can attack many insect hosts and have been applied as the eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic chemicals for the control of pests. Insects have developed different defense systems encountering entomopathogens including humoral and cellular immune responses. In the present study, injection of some native entomopathogenic fungi to the Chilo suppressalis Walker larvae resulted in an enhancement of the cellular and antimicrobial defenses. The numbers of total and differential hemocytes increased rapidly in the first 3 and 6 h but those gradually reduced 12 and 24 h post-injections. The nodule formation and phenoloxidase activity increased at the time intervals after fungal infection. A similar trend was found in the transcription of antimicrobial peptides including attacin1 and 2, cecropin1 and 2, gallerimycin, defensin, lysozyme, and prophenoloxidase-activating proteinase-3 during infection fungi. In all cases, the target gene transcription was upper in the larvae injected by the fungi than that of control larvae. These results may elucidate better knowledge on the interaction of the fungi present in agroecosystems with the target insect pest.Dye-sensitized solar cells have been of great interest in photovoltaic technology due to their capacity to convert energy at a low cost. The use of natural pigments means replacing expensive chemical synthesis processes by easily extractable pigments that are non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Although most of the pigments used for this purpose are obtained from higher plants, there are potential alternative sources that have been underexploited and have shown encouraging results, since pigments can also be obtained from organisms like bacteria, cyanobacteria, microalgae, yeast, and molds, which have the potential of being cultivated in bioreactors or optimized by biotechnological processes. The aforementioned organisms are sources of diverse sensitizers like photosynthetic pigments, accessory pigments, and secondary metabolites such as chlorophylls, bacteriochlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobiliproteins. Moreover, retinal proteins, photosystems, and reaction centers from these organisms can also act as sensitizers. In this review, the use of natural sensitizers extracted from algae, cyanobacteria, bacteria, archaea, and fungi is assessed. The reported photoconversion efficiencies vary from 0.001 % to 4.6 % for sensitizers extracted from algae and microalgae, 0.004 to 1.67 % for bacterial sensitizers, 0.07-0.23 % for cyanobacteria, 0.09 to 0.049 % for archaea and 0.26-2.3 % for pigments from fungi.To explore the suitability of Corynebacterium glutamicum as a chassis for diacetyl production from glucose, diacetyl metabolic pathway and the respiratory chain were linked to achieve redox balance. The carbon flux was redirected from pyruvate to diacetyl by overexpressing the α-acetolactate synthase, in combination with disruption the biosynthetic pathways of lactate, acetoin, 2,3-butanediol and acetate in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. These modifications resulted in a sharp increase of the NADH/NAD+ ratio from 0.53 to 1.10, and produced 0.58 g/L diacetyl under aerobic conditions, representing a 58-fold increase over the wild type. Although the modification of the by-product pathways is an effective strategy, these disruption led to intracellular cofactor imbalance. NADH re-oxidization was further successfully solved by overexpressing of cytochrome bd oxidase. We constructed an efficient respiration-dependent cell factory by modification of the respiratory chain, improving diacetyl titer to 1.29 g/L in CGC11, decreased NADH/NAD+ ratio to 0.