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OBJECTIVE Several pharmacological treatments are actually recommended for Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) secondary to systemic sclerosis, but they only have modest efficacy. IDF-11774 in vitro A way to efficiently identify new drugs is drug repurposing, which can be based on signature matching. The signature could be derived from chemical structures, pharmacological affinity profile or adverse event profile. We propose to use the WHO pharmacovigilance database to generate repositioning hypotheses for treatments of RP through adverse event signature matching. METHODS We first screened all drugs associated with at least one case of erythromelalgia, an adverse effect opposite to RP. In parallel, in order to define the adverse event signature of drugs recommended in secondary RP from the WHO pharmacovigilance database, we selected the 14 most representative adverse drug reaction (ADR). Lastly, we performed a hierarchical cluster analysis to identify drugs with similar ADR signature to vasodilatory drugs used in RP. RESULTS A total of 179 drugs were associated with erythromelalgia; they were related to 860,334 adverse events representative of RP drugs in the WHO pharmacovigilance database. Hierarchical cluster analysis allowed identification of 6 clusters. The most stable cluster contained 7 drugs, among which 5 are recommended in secondary RP, or pertain to the same drug class epoprostenol, nifedipine, nicardipine, lacidipine, and israpidine. The two remaining drugs were alemtuzumab and fumaric acid. CONCLUSION Our ADR signature matching approach suggests that alemtuzumab and fumaric acid could be effective treatments of secondary RP. The latter is currently being investigated as a treatment of pulmonary hypertension in systemic sclerosis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Modern neuromuscular electrodiagnosis (EDX) and neuromuscular ultrasound (NMUS) require a universal language for effective communication in clinical practice and research and, in particular, for teaching young colleagues. Therefore, the AANEM and the IFCN have decided to publish a joint glossary as they feel the need for an updated terminology to support educational activities in neuromuscular EDX and NMUS in all parts of the world. In addition NMUS has been rapidly progressing over the last years and is now widely used in the diagnosis of disorders of nerve and muscle in conjunction with EDX. This glossary has been developed by experts in the field of neuromuscular EDX and NMUS on behalf of the AANEM and the IFCN and has been agreed upon by electronic communication between January and November 2019. It is based on the glossaries of the AANEM from 2015 and of the IFCN from 1999. The EDX and NMUS terms and the explanatory illustrations have been updated and supplemented where necessary. The result is a comprehensive glossary of terms covering all fields of neuromuscular EDX and NMUS. It serves as a standard reference for clinical practice, education and research worldwide. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.BACKGROUND Coconut sugar has caramel colour with taste like brown sugar is commonly used as natural sweetener. However, coconut sugar was generally produced from coconut sap using a traditional method which is by heating the sap at high temperature (>100°C) in an open pan for long hours (3-5 h). This conventional method had resulted in an over-cooked sugar, which leads to quality deterioration; both on physical and chemical properties of coconut sugar. This current study was aimed to investigate the processing of coconut sugar sap into syrup by using alternative processing methods such as rotary vacuum evaporation (RE) and microwave evaporation (ME) by comparing with open-heat evaporation (OHE) techniques. RESULTS Coconut sugar syrup produced by Rotary evaporation at 60 °C and 250mbar vacuum (RE-60) had the least production time (12.2 min) and the lowest processing temperature (54.8 °C) as compared with ME (13 min and 103.2 °C) and OHE (46.8 min and 101.6 °C). It also had light brownish colour with higher L* value (35.17) as compared to ME (29.84) and OHE (23.84) methods. It was found to contain higher amounts of monosaccharides (fructose and glucose) and lower amounts of disaccharides (sucrose). Furthermore, the amount of energy required for RE-60 (0.35 kWh) was much less than OHE (0.83 kWh). CONCLUSION This study provided an alternative processing method for sugar processing industry to produce coconut sugar using rotary evaporation method at 60 °C under 250 mbar vacuum with better physicochemical quality, shorter processing time and minimum input energy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.In Orchidaceae, pollination is mostly animal-mediated, and one-third of species have evolved a deceptive pollination mechanism without rewards. Cypripedium is a representative lineage of non-rewarding orchids restricted to temperate regions. Cypripedium subtropicum flowers are pollinated by hoverflies and have hairy tufts that visually resemble an aphid colony covered with honey dew. We recorded the behaviour of hoverflies on the flowers, determined the breeding system of the species and the structure of hairy tufts, and investigated the roles of hairy tufts and floral volatiles in this specialized pollination by using pollination experiments, scanning electron microscopy, bioassays and chemical analyses. The white hairy tufts covering the sidelobes of labellum provide edible rewards and serve as crucial visual lures for hoverflies. The flowers emit primarily (E)-β-farnesene and a smaller amount of β-pinene that were found to attract hoverflies. Our results suggest that C. subtropicum uses both visual mimicry of an aphid-colonized labellum with a reward and chemical mimicry of aphid alarm pheromones to attract hoverflies for pollination. This is the first example that a rewarding mimicry system in plants is described, where the models are animals with their secretions and the reward is similar in nutrients as the reward of the model mimicked. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.