Scientific Influence of PointofCare Sonography inside Inside Treatments Inpatients A deliberate Review

NR2B/ERK signaling is involved in sevoflurane induced neurological impairment. DEX may protect against sevoflurane induced neurological dysfunction in the developing rat brain via regulating the NR2B/ERK signaling.Fasting, anticholinergics, and seizures affect c‑fos activation in the brain. Additionally, antimuscarinic treated fasted animals develop convulsion soon after re‑feeding. Therefore, we assessed whether c‑fos expression changes in fed, fasting, and refed animals and how scopolamine treatment affects these changes. We further assessed whether there is a change in c‑fos expression after convulsions. For this purpose, BALB/c mice fasted for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h periods were used. The animals were treated with saline or scopolamine. Half\r of the animals treated with saline or scopolamine were given food 20 min after injection. All animals were observed for development of convulsions for 30 min. At the end of this period, the brains of all animals were removed, and the percentage of c‑fos active cells in the hypothalamus was determined immunohistochemically. Convulsions occurred within 1‑48 h of fasting, after scopolamine treatment and re‑feeding. Compared to fed animals, c‑fos expression was not significantly changed in those undergoing different fasting periods, but significantly decreased after 12 h fasting. After animals were allowed to eat, c‑fos activation significantly increased in the 1, 3, 6 and 12 refed‑saline groups and decreased in the 48 refed‑saline group. Scopolamine treatment in 1‑24 h fasted animals increased c‑fos expression, but decreased in 48 h fasted animals. Whereas convulsion development in scopolamine‑treated 3, 6, 12 and 24 h refed animals suppressed c‑fos expression. These results demonstrate that re‑feeding and scopolamine treatment induces neuronal activity in the hypothalamus, while scopolamine induced convulsions after food intake suppressed the c‑fos activity.Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, affecting communication and behavior. Historically, ASD had been described as a purely psychiatric disorder with genetic factors playing the most critical role. Recently, a growing body of literature has been emphasizing the importance of environmental and immunological factors in its pathogenesis, with the autoimmune process attracting the most attention. This study provides a review of the autoimmune involvement in the pathogenesis of ASD. The\r microbiome, the representative of the innate immune system in the central nervous system (CNS), plays a critical role in triggering inflammation. Besides, a bidirectional communicational pathway between the CNS and the intestine called the gut‑brain‑axis is linked to the development of ASD. Moreover, the higher plasma level of pro‑inflammatory cytokines in ASD patients and the higher prevalence of autoimmune disorders in the first‑degree family members of affected persons are other clues of the immune system involvement in\r the pathogenesis of ASD. Furthermore, some anti‑inflammatory drugs, including resveratrol and palmitoylethanolamide have shown promising effects by relieving the manifestations of ASD. Although considerable advances have been made in elucidating the role of autoimmunity in the ASD pathogenesis, further studies with stronger methodologies are needed to apply the knowledge to the definitive treatment of ASD.Preterm infants have a high risk of neonatal white matter injury (WMI). WMI leads to reduced myelination, inflammation, and clinical neurodevelopmental deficits for which there are no effective treatments. Ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) induced excitotoxicity contributes to oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cell loss and demyelination in brain models of neonatal and adult WMI. Here, we hypothesized that simulated ischemia (oxygen‑glucose deprivation) damages white matter via activation of iGluR signaling, and that iGluR inhibition shortly after WMI could mitigate OL loss, enhance myelination, and suppress inflammation in an ex vivo cerebellar slice model of developing WMI. Inhibition of iGluR signaling by a combined block of AMPA and NMDA receptors, shortly after simulated ischemia, restored myelination, reduced apoptotic OLs, and enhanced OL precursor cell proliferation and maturation as well as upregulated expression of transcription factors regulating OL development and remyelination. Our findings demonstrate that iGluR inhibition post‑injury alleviates OL lineage cell loss and inflammation and promotes myelination upon developing WMI. The findings may help to develop therapeutic interventions for the WMI treatment.The effects of the well‑known peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist rosiglitazone (Rosi) on brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nitric oxide (NO), and learning and memory were investigated in hypothyroid rats. Hypothyroidism was induced in immature Wistar rats by administration of propylthiouracil in drinking water. Rats were divided into four groups control, hypothyroid, and hypothyroid treated with Rosi at doses of 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg. Memory was then assessed by the Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) tests. Following anesthetization, brain samples were collected for biochemical measurements. Hypothyroidism increased the escape latency and traveled path in the learning trials of the MWM and decreased the time spent and the distance traveled in the target quadrant on the probe day. LAdrenaline Hypothyroidism also impaired the avoidance behavior of rats in the PA test. Rosi improved the performance of rats in both MWM and PA tasks. Hypothyroidism also decreased hippocampal BDNF levels, increased NO metabolites, and induced oxidative damage in the brain. Treatment of hypothyroid rats with both doses of Rosi increased BDNF levels and decreased NO metabolites and malondialdehyde concentrations. In addition, thiol content and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were increased in the brain regions of hypothyroid rats receiving Rosi. The administration of 4 mg/kg Rosi also significantly increased serum thyroxin levels. The results of the present study showed that BDNF and NO play a role in the protective effects of Rosi against learning and memory impairment in hypothyroid rats.This study aimed to investigate β‑amyloid peptide (Aβ) plaques and changes of astroglia and microglia in mice with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, 18 transgenic mice with amyloid precursor protein (APP) /presenilin‑1 (PS1) were randomized into the Aβ3‑10‑KLH vaccine, Aβ1‑42 vaccine, and phosphate‑buffered saline (PBS) groups. The mice were injected at different time points. The Morris water maze test was used to identify the spatial learning and memory abilities of the mice. Immunohistochemistry was done to examine the Aβ, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119). Correspondingly, enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was done to measure interleukin (IL) ‑1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ‑α in the brain of transgenic mice. The Morris water maze results showed that both the Aβ3‑10‑KLH vaccine and the Aβ1‑42 peptide vaccine could improve the cognitive function of APP/PS1 transgenic mice significantly. Aβ3‑10‑KLH and Aβ1‑42 inoculations reduced Aβ load and suppressed astrocytes and microglia proliferation in the cortex compared with the PBS group. While there was no significant difference between the two groups, Aβ3‑10‑KLH and Aβ1‑42 vaccines decreased the brain levels of IL‑1β and TNF‑α as compared with the PBS group, but without difference between the two vaccines. In conclusion, early immunotherapy with an Aβ vaccine reduces the activation of glial cells and deposition of Aβ plaque in the brain of transgenic mice.
The aim is to investigate anxiety prevalence among the healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic and the also relationship of "significant clinical anxiety" with coping styles and the related factors.
An online questionnaire was performed to evaluate the anxiety responses of 544 healthcare workers, the adopted coping styles and the related factors during COVID-19 pandemic. The questionnaire included the subsections of sociodemographic data, other clinical data and the items on exposure to social media, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale and Coping Styles Scale Brief Form.
Minimal, mild, moderate and severe anxiety were present in 214 (39.3%), 191 (35.1%), 95 (17.5%) and 44 (8.1%) participants, respectively. GAD-7 score was ≥10 in 139 (25.6%) of the participants indicating "significant clinical anxiety". Being female and a nurse were associated with significant clinical anxiety. In addition, the parameters such as "concern about COVID-19, concern about infect COVID-19 to relatives, unwillingnstruggle against a huge disaster affecting worldwide societies.
Our results have emphasized the factors that should be taken into account and application of coping styles that may be functional in protecting mental health of the healthcare workers in their struggle against a huge disaster affecting worldwide societies.
This study aimed to examine the relationship between COVID-19 perceived risk and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination in healthcare professionals.
This cross-sectional descriptive study included a total of 580 healthcare professionals.
The healthcare professionals' COVID-19 Perceived Risk Scale (CPRS) and Attitudes towards COVID-19 Vaccine Scale (ATV-COVID-19) mean scores were 31.36±5.16 and 3.00±0.61, respectively. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between their CPRS and ATV-COVID-19 mean scores.
The healthcare professionals had a high COVID-19 perceived risk and moderately positive attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccine.
The healthcare professionals had a high COVID-19 perceived risk and moderately positive attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccine.
During the lockdown due to COVID-19, Internet use may become more frequent in students, with possible negative consequences on mental health. In this emergency situation, variables such as depression, anxiety and external locus of control could be related to a Problematic Internet Use; on the other hand, self-esteem, internal locus of control, self-efficacy, and social support can play the role of protective factors for Problematic Internet Use. The present survey aims to verify the impact of these intrapersonal and social factors on Problematic Internet Use in college and High School students during the COVID-19 pandemic through a web-based cross-sectional study.
191 students from Lombardy, one of the Italian Regions among the most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, were included in the study. An online questionnaire has been administered during the first Italian period of forced lockdown. A logistic regression analysis was performed to assess intrapersonal and social factors as predictors of Problematice.
An increasing use of the Internet has been observed during lockdown, leading to a progressive increase in the diffusion of Problematic Internet Use. Gender, depression and external locus of control emerge as risk factors for Problematic Internet Use, while social support, self-efficacy and self-esteem represent protective factors. The current research identifies some intrapersonal and social factors in an epidemic context for which the development of effective behavioural, supportive and/or educational interventions would be appropriate.