Pancreatoduodenectomy regarding groove pancreatitis In a situation document and literature assessment

The study of contact biomechanics of the wrist is a challenge. This is partly due to the relatively small size of the joint as well as the lack of space in the radiocarpal joint which makes delivery of investigative materials such as pressure sensitive film without causing artifact, difficult. Fortunately, a number of authors have studied the intact wrist, the scapholunate ligament injured wrist, the proximal row carpectomy and the scaphoid excision, four bone fusion. Despite some contrasting findings there are some general concepts that we understand about wrist mechanics.Background Flavonoid is a family of compounds present in the everyday consumption plants and fruits, contributing to a balanced diet and having health effects. Being a scaffold for new drugs and presenting a wide range of applicability in illness treatment gives them also an impact in medicine. Among the several types of flavonoids, flavone and isoflavone derivatives can be highlighted due to their prevalence in nature and biological activities already established. The standard synthetic route to obtain both halogenated flavones and isoflavones is through the use of already halogenated starting materials. Halogenation of the flavone and isoflavone core is less common because it is more complicated and involves some selectivity issues. Objective Considering the importance of these flavonoids, we aim to present the main and more recent synthetic approaches towards their halogenation. Methods The most prominent methodologies for the synthesis of halogenated flavones and isoflavones were reviewed. selleck products A careful survey of the reported data, using mainly the Scopus database and halogenation, flavones and isoflavones as keywords, was done. Results Herein, a review has been taken from the latest and more efficient halogenation protocols of flavones and isoflavones previously built cores. Selective halogenation and the greener methodologies, including enzymatic and microbial halogenations, were reported. Nevertheless, some interesting protocols that allowed the synthesis of halogenated flavone and isoflavone derivatives in specific positions using halogenated reagents were also summarized. Conclusion Halogenated flavones and isoflavones have risen as noticeable structures; however, most of the time, the synthetic procedures involve toxic reagents and harsh reaction conditions. Therefore, the development of new synthetic routes with low environmental impact is desirable.Worldwide epidemic of cancer have raised a global effort for the development and production of various anticancer drugs, which are prescribed for the treatment and control of cancer disease. Unfortunately, high potential toxicity, mutagenic and carcinogenic side effects were confirmed for most of anticancer drugs, which cause many problems for the patient even at slight dosage. At this point, thanks to their outstanding features such as high sensitivity, selectivity, and cheapness, electrochemical methods attracted much attention in development of quick, precise and reliable (bio) sensors for the monitoring anticancer drugs. Enhancement of effective surface area, acceleration of the electron transfer, reduction of the electrode passivation, electrocatalysis of the redox reactions are some fascinating properties that emerged from the nanomaterials based developed modified electrodes. Morphological control and type of nanostructures and their functionalization offer intelligent engineering of the modified elect delivery systems will be presented. Not only explaining the applications of nanomaterials in electrochemical sensors but also considering them from a different angle by investigating their use in anticancer drug delivery systems was aimed.Background Oseltamivir Phosphate (OP) is an ethyl ester prodrug prescribed for the treatment of influenza virus infection. Current marketed formulations of OP supplemented with an adverse effect observed during postmarketing surveillance. These prerequisites are sufficed by developing a sustained release Dry Powder for Inhalation (DPI). Objectives Objective of the present study was to develop OP-DPI by an innovative formulation approach comprising of Immediate (IR) and Sustained (SR) Release portions. Methods DPI formulation comprised of an IR and SR portions were prepared by spray drying technique using Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) as the rate-controlling polymer for SR portion. The spray-dried product further characterized for various pharmaco-technical, in-vitro and in-vivo parameters. Results OP-DPI showed burst release of 49% within 15 min and further sustaining the drug release up to 9 hrs. The in-vitro aerodynamic performance of OP-DPI showed maximum deposition at stage 3 and Fine Particle Dose (FPD) of 1.08 mg indicating deposition in the upper respiratory tract. Solid state characterization by DSC and XRD indicated the partial amorphization OP due to spray drying. In-vivo toxicological examination revealed no sign of inflammation, indicating the safety of the developed formulation. Accelerated stability study as per ICH guidelines displayed no significant change in the solid-state characterization and drug related performance of OP-DPI. Conclusion Prepared novel and scalable OP-DPI may have potential to overcome the problems associated with existing marketed dosage forms of OP. Further, localized drug delivery of the antiviral drug through pulmonary route might be clinically benefited in controlling the viral proliferation.Objective We aim to investigate the anticancer effects and mechanisms of icaritin against breast cancer. Materials and methods Both estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer cells MCF-7 and ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cells were employed. We examined the effects of icaritin on the proliferation and migration by wound healing assay and transwell assay. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were analyzed using Flow cytometry. Cell autophagy of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells was assessed by western blotting, acridine orange staining and confocal microscopy. We also detected the expression of apoptosis related genes by western blotting. In addition, an autophagy inhibitor was used to investigate whether cytoprotective autophagy was induced. Meanwhile, an ER inhibitor was utilized to explore whether ER was involved in autophagy. Results Icaritin inhibited the proliferation and migration, and induced cell cycle arrest of both MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells. Icaritin significantly induced apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells by activating caspase-3. And icaritin stimulated autophagy in MCF-7 cells, as evidenced by increased LC3II/LC3I, enhanced p62 degradation, the accumulation of endogenous LC3 puncta formation, and the increased autophagy flux. Icaritin induced autophagy through upregulating the phosphorylation of AMPK and ULK1. Chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, increased icaritin-induced apoptosis and proliferation inhibition of MCF-7 cells. Meanwhile, tamoxifen, an ER inhibitor, reversed icaritin-induced autophagy and proliferation inhibition of MCF-7 cells. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that the antitumor effects of icaritin against breast cancer are related with ER, which suggested that the status of ER should be considered in clinical application of icaritin.Imidazole containing compounds have been a very much explored field since ancient times. Subsequently, it constitutes a significant moiety for the new drug development. A variety of compounds having imidazole moiety have been synthesized, evaluated and marketed for the treatment of various diseases such as antifungal, antiepileptic, ACE inhibitors and so on as shown in figure. The search for imidazole containing compounds with more selective biological potency with low side effects continue to be an active area of research in medicinal chemistry. This review is in an effort to highlight the marketed drugs with imidazole ring. The article also demonstrates the future prospective of marketed imidazoles as antifungal with potential activity targeting 14α-demethylase enzyme.Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects more than 200 million patients worldwide and chronic limb threating ischemia (CLTI) is the most advanced stage of PAD with very high morbidity and mortality rates. Cardiovascular medicine is trending towards a more personalized approach where each individual patient will be managed according to specific risk factors, disease characteristics, expectations related to their disease and individualized assessment of potential outcomes. For this reason, a number of risk models and scores have been developed the last few years. Our aim with this comprehensive review article is to provide an overview of selected risk models and scores for patients with PAD and CLTI. Given that some of the published scores were of low quality (minimal discriminatory ability), we included scores that were already externally validated or scores that had promising initial findings. Available scoring systems were grouped in the five following categories according to their utility i) scores that can detect asymptomatic patients who should be screened for PAD, ii) scores for assessment of functional status and quality of life in patients with PAD, iii) scores assessing risk for amputation and other major adverse limb events among patients with CLTI, iv) scores for the optimal revascularization strategy in each patient and scores predicting successful procedural outcomes; v) scores predicting short or long-term cardiovascular and limb related outcomes after either revascularization or at least angiographic assessment. Limitations of available scoring systems include development and validation in specific populations, lack of external validation (for some of them) and also lack of synchrony with current era endovascular technology. However, with further optimization of current scores and development of new scores, the field of PAD and CLI can be transitioned to a personalized medicine approach.From first cases reported on December 31, 2019, in Wuhan, Hubei-China, SARS-CoV2 has spread worldwide and finally the World Health Organization declared the pandemic status. We summarize what makes SARS-CoV2 different from previous highly pathogenic coronaviruses and why it is so contagious, with focus on its clinical presentation and diagnosis, which is mandatory to start the appropriate management and reduce the transmission. As far as infection pathophysiology is still not completely clarified, this review focuses also on the cardiovascular (CV) implication of COVID-19 and the capability of this virus to cause direct myocardial injury, myocarditis and other CV manifestations. Furthermore, we highlight the relationship between the virus, enzyme ACE2 and ACE inhibitors. Clinical management involves the intensive care approach with intubation and mechanical ventilation in the most serious cases and drug therapy with several apparently promising old and new molecules. Aim of this review is then to summarize what is actually known about the SARS-CoV2 and its cardiovascular implications.Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which recently has been characterized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) having killed almost 250,000 people worldwide as of May 4th 2020. Despite the fact that SARS-CoV-2 seems to predominantly affect the respiratory system leading to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, it is now evident that it may also affect the cardiovascular system in multiple ways. Evidence acquisition The current paper is a review of the most recent literature regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection and its associated main cardiovascular clinical manifestations. Evidence synthesis Cardiovascular disease represents a prevalent underlying comorbidity associated with increased mortality rates among COVID-19 affected individuals. In addition, various cardiovascular manifestations have been linked to the viral insult, including among others acute coronary syndromes, myocarditis, acute heart failure, cardiac injury, arrhythmias and acute pulmonary embolism.