Applications of different array shifters for proton pen column checking radiotherapy

We show that the Brownian motion of a nanoparticle (NP) can reach a ballistic limit when intensely heated to form supercavitation. As the NP temperature increases, its Brownian motion displays a sharp transition from normal to ballistic diffusion upon the formation of a vapor bubble to encapsulate the NP. Intense heating allows the NP to instantaneously extend the bubble boundary via evaporation, so the NP moves in a low-friction gaseous environment. We find the dynamics of the supercavitating NP is largely determined by the near field effect, i.e., highly localized vapor phase property in the vicinity of the NP.A classical α-XY inertial model, consisting of N two-component rotators and characterized by interactions decaying with the distance r_ij as 1/r_ij^α (α≥0) is studied through first-principle molecular-dynamics simulations on d-dimensional lattices of linear size L (N≡L^d and d=1,2,3). The limits α=0 and α→∞ correspond to infinite-range and nearest-neighbor interactions, respectively, whereas the ratio α/d>1 (0≤α/d≤1) is associated with short-range (long-range) interactions. By analyzing the time evolution of the kinetic temperature T(t) in the long-range-interaction regime, one finds a quasi-stationary state (QSS) characterized by a temperature T_QSS; for fixed N and after a sufficiently long time, a crossover to a second plateau occurs, corresponding to the Boltzmann-Gibbs temperature T_BG (as predicted within the BG theory), with T_BG>T_QSS. It is shown that the QSS duration (t_QSS) depends on N, α, and d, although the dependence on α appears only through the ratio α/d; in fact, t_QSS decreases with α/d and increases with both N and d. Considering a fixed energy value, a scaling for t_QSS is proposed, namely, t_QSS∝N^A(α/d)e^-B(N)(α/d)^2, analogous to a recent analysis carried out for the classical α-Heisenberg inertial model. It is shown that the exponent A(α/d) and the coefficient B(N) present universal behavior (within error bars), comparing the XY and Heisenberg cases. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/d-4476.html The present results should be useful for other long-range systems, very common in nature, like those characterized by gravitational and Coulomb forces.We numerically analyze the tensile strength of a single wet agglomerate modeled as a viscocohesive aggregate impacting a flat surface by using the discrete-element simulations. The viscocohesive agglomerate composed of primary spherical particles with the inclusion of the interstitial liquid in the form of the capillary bridges characterized by the cohesive and viscous forces between particles is extracted from a cuboidal sample of granular materials by applying a spherical probe. The tensile strength is measured from the impact test of a wet agglomerate by systematically varying different values of the surface tension of the interstitial liquid, the liquid viscosity, and the impact speed. We show that the tensile stress increases immediately when the collision occurs between the agglomerate and the flat surface. The peak of the tensile stress obtained after the collision, then decreases smoothly with increasing the particle movement. The maximum tensile stress is defined to be the tensile strength of such agglomerate. It is remarkable that the normalized tensile strength of such agglomerate can be well described as a function of a dimensionless impact number that incorporates the capillary number and Stokes number (calculated from the surface tension and the viscosity of the liquid and the impact rate of the agglomerate), thus providing the confirmation for the unified representation of the liquid properties and the impact rate of wet granular media.We present our analysis on microrheology of a bench-scale pulsed fluidized bed, which represents a weakly confined system. Nonlinear gas-particle and particle-particle interactions resulting from pulsed flow are associated with harmonic and subharmonic modes. While periodic structured bubble patterns are observed at the mesoscale, particle-scale measurements reveal anomalous diffusion in the driven granular medium. We use single-particle tracks to analyze ergodicity and ageing properties at two pulsing frequencies having remarkably different mesoscale features. The scaling of ensemble-averaged mean-squared displacement is not unique. The distribution of time-averaged mean-squared displacements is non-Gaussian, asymmetric, and has a finite trivial contribution from particles in crowded quasistatic surroundings. Results indicate weak ergodicity breaking, which along with ageing characterizes the nonstationary and out-of-equilibrium dynamics.Polyampholyte field theory and explicit-chain molecular dynamics models of sequence-specific phase separation of a system with two intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) species indicate consistently that a substantial polymer excluded volume and a significant mismatch of the IDP sequence charge patterns can act in concert, but not in isolation, to demix the two IDP species upon condensation. This finding reveals an energetic-geometric interplay in a stochastic, "fuzzy" molecular recognition mechanism that may facilitate subcompartmentalization of membraneless organelles.We point out that the minimal components of the tensorial moments of the distribution that can be independently relaxed in collision without violating rotational symmetry are its irreducible representation (irrep) of SO(3), and a generic multiple-relaxation-time collision model can be constructed by independently relaxing these components. As the simplest example the irreps of the second moment are the traceless deviatoric stress and an isotropic tensor which is conserved in monatomic gases. Applying the decomposition to the thermal lattice Boltzmann model for polyatomic gases [Phys. Rev. E 77, 035701(R) (2008)PRESCM1539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.77.035701], the shear and bulk viscosities are decoupled by two independent relaxation times. The hydrodynamic equation of the model is obtained via Chapman-Enskog calculation and verified by numerical simulation.The model of a medium made of oscillators can describe various materials, including artificial ones made of meta-atoms. Here the transformation of an electromagnetic wave in such a medium with rapidly growing oscillator density is studied. The initial polariton is shown to be transformed not only into new polariton modes but also into natural oscillations of the existing and created oscillators. The oscillations produce zero net polarization but consume significant amount of the initial polariton energy. Although the boundary conditions at the temporal jump are sufficient to find the new polaritons, the description of the polarization oscillations requires integrating the material equations because the oscillations are uncoupled from the fields. Under some conditions, the spatial dependence of the amplitude of the oscillations can provide a snapshot of the electromagnetic field distribution at the moment of rapid density growth. Some subtle issues related to the continuity conditions at the density jump are also discussed.