Earlier id regarding axial spondyloarthritis in the multiethnic Asian inhabitants

Compared with fixed-effects model, the mixed effects models of the volume of sound knot, loose knot, and total knots provided more accurate parameter estimation, more uniform residual distribution, and higher model fitting precision. The validation results showed that prediction precision of each fixed-effect model was higher than 90%, while that of the mixed models with plot and tree effect was above 93%, indicating that the established model could well predict the volume of knot for Korean pine plantation.To evaluate the adaptability of the cyclic heating mode in the thermal diffusion probe method (TDP) in the measurement of trunk sap flow and the accuracy of the measurement of tree transpiration water consumption, we selected Platycladus orientalis as the research object and set three different heating modes 60 min/0 min (continuous heating mode), 30 min/30 min (cyclic heating mode with 30 min heating and 30 min cooling), 10 min/50 min (cyclic heating mode with 10 min heating and 50 min cooling). Based on the measured value of the whole tree container wei-ghing method, the temperature gradient characteristics of different heating modes were analyzed using the measurement technology of thermal diffusive trunk sap flow. The Granier's corrected formulas of cyclic heating modes were constructed, with its error being analyzed by validity verification. The results showed that sap flow rate calculated by the cyclic heating mode was consistent with the diurnal variation of the transpiration rate measured by the whole tree weighing method. The temperature of cyclic heating mode could quickly rise, fall and performed stably. The sap flow calculated by Granier's original formula was 61.3% lower than that by weighing method. The corrected Granier formula in the mode of 10 min/50 min and 30 min/30 min were Fd=0.0177K0.9457 (R2=0.88) and Fd=0.0378K1.3146(R2=0.85), respectively. The difference of sap flow rate in P. orientalis by the new formula was smaller than that measured by the whole tree weighing method, and the error of transpiration rate calculated by the 10 min/50 min correction formula was the smallest, 5.9% lower than that calculated by the weighing method, and thus could express the real flow rate. The 10 min/50 min cyclic heating mode could be used to reduce the effect of natural temperature difference, cut down power consumption, and accurately reflect the actual sap flow rate of P. orientalis.We isolated phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from the rhizosphere soil of P. massoniana by the standard dilution plating technique, and determined the phosphate solubilizing characteristics of PSB by the Molybdenum antimony resistance colorimetric method. We explored the mechanism of phosphorus dissolution through analysis of the relationship between the phosphate-solubilizing ability of PSB and the pH of the fermentation broth and the determination of organic acids in the fermentation broth by HPLC-MS. The effects of PSB on the growth and physiology of P. massoniana were clarified by measuring the growth, physiology, soil nutrients, and soil enzyme activity of potted P. massoniana seedlings inoculated with PSB. The results showed that 16 strains of PSB were screened from the rhizosphere of P. massoniana. Among those strains, WJ27 had the best effect of solubilizing phosphorus, with the amount of phosphate solubilized reaching 411.98 mg·L-1 after five days of liquid culture. The strain was identified as ot activity, and root soluble protein increased by 145.8%, 45.2%, 206.3%, 59.4%, 80.5% and 260.0%, respectively. The SOD and POD acti-vities of root, and CAT activities of shoot of P. massoniana seedlings increased by 71.2%, 197.5% and 36.6%, respectively. Contents of available N, available K, available P, urease, catalase and phosphatase increased by 18.1%, 17.0%, 11.9%, 34.3%, 45.5%, and 62.6%, respectively. Burkholderia sp. WJ27 could improve soil nutrient concentrations and enzyme activities and thus facilitate the growth of P. massoniana seedlings.Ectomycorrhizal fungi are an important group of symbiotic fungi beneficial to plant growth and their environmental adaptation. An explicit clarification of the trait of ectomycorrhizal fungi would facilitate our understanding of plant responses to environmental change. We set up sampling plots at five elevations (2850, 3000, 3194, 3413, 3593 m) in the Balong Mountain within the Wolong Nature Reserve of Sichuan Province, and collected cubic soil samples (10 cm×10 cm×10 cm) from those plots by point centered quarter method. Based on examination of the morphological types and diversity of ectomycorrhizal roots of Abies faxoniana in each soil sample, we examined the variations in morphological traits of ectomycorrhizal roots of A. faxoniana along the elevational gra-dient and the effects of soil environmental factors. PF-04418948 price Results showed that 1) The major ectomycorrhizae of A. faxoniana in Wolong Nature Reserve was orange or yellow in color, with smooth mantle and no or few extensional hyphae, and cylindric or inflatetions in the occurrence of ectomycorrhizal morphology in A. faxoniana along elevational gradient, which provided scientific evidence for further studying the mechanisms underlying the responses to environmental changes in mycorrhizal strategy in coniferous species of subalpine forests.To investigate the effects of biochar addition on soil moisture infiltration characteristics of sloping farmland in Karst area, we used soil column simulation to study the variation characteristics of cumulative infiltration volume, infiltration rate, and wetting peak process under the different biochar addition amount (0, 1% and 2%) and different particle sizes ( 1 mm after biochar addition. When the addition amount was 1%, the cumulative infiltration amount of 300 min had decreased by 20.9%, 35.2% and 45.0% compared with CK. When the addition amount was 2%, the decrease rate was 21.5%, 37.5% and 44.2%, indicating that the inhibition effect of large particle size biochar on soil infiltration being stronger than that of small particle size biochar. The change trend of soil wetting peak process to biochar addition of different contents and different particle sizes was consistent with the change trend of cumulative infiltration volume. Horton model and Kostiakov model could be used to simulate soil moisture infiltration process. The Horton model had higher fitting accuracy, the largest R2 (between 0.91 and 0.98), and the smallest RMSE (between 0.14 and 0.21). The initial infiltration rate obtained by Kostiakov model was closer to the measured result. Our results could provide scientific basis for the rational application of biochar and provide a useful reference for soil improvement and soil and water conservation in slope farmland of Karst area.Soil freeze-thaw could affect nitrogen (N) availability. The N transformation is closely related with soil microbes. The effect of soil freeze-thaw on the soil bacterial communities in the temperate zone is still not clear. We hypothesized that freeze-thaw events could affect the diversity and composition of bacterial communities, thereby changing the contents of soil dissolved nitrogen pools as well as the N transformation process. In this study, microcosms with different freeze-thaw cycles (six and fifteen cycles) were designed, with the constant temperature at 2 ℃ as the control. The results showed that the contents of dissolved total nitrogen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, microbial biomass nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization rate were decreased significantly in response to increasing cycles of freeze-thaw. The number of freeze-thaw cycles did not affect bacterial α diversity. In contrast, the duration of incubation was positively correlated with bacterial α diversity including Chao1 and Shannon indices. Freeze-thaw treatment significantly affected the function and composition of bacterial communities, but the number of freeze-thaw cycles had little effect on the bacterial community structure. The partial redundant analysis showed that under freeze-thaw treatments, both the composition and function of bacterial community were significantly related to soil dissolved N pools and N transformation processes.To understand the adaptive strategies of three tree species used for soil and water conservation in the hilly area of eastern Ordos Plateau, Hippophae rhamnoides, Pinus tabuliformis and Armeniaca sibirica, we measured the δ18O value of xylem water of branch and potential water sources and the δ13C value of leaves, and analyzed the relative contribution of each potential water sources to different tree species by multiple linear mixing model. We further compared the seasonal dynamic and inter-specific variation of water source and water use efficiency (WUE). The results showed that H. rhamnoides, P. tabuliformis and A. sibirica mainly used soil water in 10 cm layer in May, accounting for 88.5%, 94.0% and 91.6% of their total water uptake, respectively. In July, H. rhamnoides mainly used soil water in 10-25 cm layer (44.6%) and rain water (35.4%), P. tabuli-formis mainly used rain water (93.7%), and A. link2 sibirica mainly used soil water in 25-100 cm layer (55.9%) and rain water (36.8%). In September, H. rhamnoides mainly used soil water in 25 cm and 75-100 cm layers (88.9%), P. tabuliformis mainly used soil water in 10 cm and 50-75 cm layers (84.5%), and A. sibirica used that in 10-100 cm layer. WUE of H. rhamnoides in May was significantly higher than that in July and September. WUE of P. tabuliformis in July was significantly higher than that in September. WUE of H. rhamnoides was significantly higher than that of P. tabuliformis and A. sibirica in May and July. Three tree species use different depths of soil water or rainwater based on their availability in different seasons. link3 H. rhamnoides and P. tabuliformis could improve their WUE to adapt to environmental change under drought, which might be more suitable for local semi-arid environment than A. sibirica.Forest soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) is an important continuous process of water cycle. In this study, we analyzed hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope compositions of the precipitation, atmospheric water vapor, soil water, branch water, and leaf water to explain the characteristics of the continuous process and the associated controlling factors in a subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest. The results showed that the regression equations between hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes were δDP=7.97δ18OP+12.68(R2=0.97) for precipitation, δDS=4.29δ18OS-18.62(R2=0.81) for soil water, δDB=3.31δ18OB-29.73(R2=0.49) for branch water and δDL=1.49δ18OL-10.09(R2=0.81) for leaf water of Podocarpus nagi, δDV=3.89δ18OV-51.29(R2=0.46) for atmospheric water vapor, respectively. In the process of water transport from precipitation to soil water to plant water, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes gradually enrich, while water vapor isotopes evaporated from soil and evaporated from plants were depleted. With the influence of praf water content (LWC), and a negative one with relative humidity, reflecting the water regulation function of plants in response to environmental changes.Species composition and diversity of undergrowth vegetation community under different thinning intensities (0, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) were examined at the initial stage of thinning in 29-year-old Pinus massoniana plantation in the low mountain region of eastern Sichuan. The results show that all the thinning treatments could reduce the absolute dominance of Miscanthus sinensis and Dicranopteris dichotoma. The dominant species composition of shrubs in each treatment was different. There were more extensive species in the medium thinning intensity (20%, 30% and 40%) treatments than other treatments. The diversity indices increased first and then decreased with increasing thinning intensity. The variation degree of herbs was stronger than shrubs. The diversity indices of herbs were positively correlated with soil water content. The explanation amount of thinning intensity and soil physicochemical properties to community differentiation was 81%. The vegetation communities in the medium thinning intensity forests showed positive correlation with all the factors except total phosphorus.