Ultrafast Interlayer Fee Exchange involving Bilayer PtSe2 and also Monolayer WS2

Mammals have circadian clocks, which consist of the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the peripheral clocks in the peripheral tissues. The effect of exercise on phase of peripheral clocks have been reported in rodents, but not in humans. Continuous sampling is necessary to assess the phase of the circadian rhythm of peripheral clock gene expressions. It has been assumed that the expression of the genes in leukocyte may be "an accessible window to the multiorgan transcriptome". The present study aimed to examine whether exercise affects the level and phase of clock gene expression in human leukocytes. Eleven young men participated in 3 trials, in which they performed a single bout of exercise at 60% O2max for 1 h beginning either at 700 (morning exercise), 1600 (afternoon exercise) or no exercise (control). Blood samples were collected at 600, 900, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100, 2300, and at 600 the next morning, to assess diurnal changes of clock gene expression in leukocytes. Bmal1 expression level increased after morning and afternoon exercise, and Cry1 expression level increased after morning exercise. Compared with control trial, acrophase of Bmal1 expression tended to be earlier in morning exercise trial, and later in afternoon exercise trial. Acrophase of Cry1 expression was earlier in morning exercise trial, but not affected by afternoon exercise. Clock, Per1-3, and Cry2 expression levels and those acrophases were not affected by exercise. The present results suggest a potential role of a single bout of exercise to modify peripheral clocks in humans.Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) plays a key role in vital mitochondrial functions, and its dissipation is a hallmark of mitochondrial dysfunction. The objective of this study was to develop an experimental and computational approach for estimating ΔΨm in intact rat lungs using the lipophilic fluorescent cationic dye rhodamine 6G (R6G). Rat lungs were excised and connected to a ventilation-perfusion system. The experimental protocol consisted of three single-pass phases loading, washing, and uncoupling, in which the lungs were perfused with R6G-containing perfusate, fresh R6G-free perfusate, or R6G-free perfusate containing the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP, respectively. This protocol was carried out with lung perfusate containing verapamil vehicle or verapamil, an inhibitor of the multi-drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Wnt antagonist Results show that the addition of FCCP resulted in an increase in R6G venous effluent concentration, and that this increase was larger in the presence of verapamil than in its absence. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for the pulmonary disposition of R6G was developed and used for quantitative interpretation of the kinetic data, including estimating ΔΨm. The estimated value of ΔΨm (-144 ± 24 (SD) mV) was not significantly altered by inhibiting Pgp with verapamil, and is consistent with that estimated previously in cultured pulmonary endothelial cells. These results demonstrate the utility of the proposed approach for quantifying Δψm in intact functioning lungs. This approach has potential to provide quantitative assessment of the effect of injurious conditions on lung mitochondrial function, and to evaluate the impact of therapies that target mitochondria.Aging induces physiological decline in human skeletal muscle function and morphology including type II fiber atrophy and an increase in type I fiber frequency. Resistance exercise training (RET) is an effective strategy to overcome muscle mass loss and improve strength, with a stronger effect on type II fibers. In the present study we sought to determine the effect of a 12-week progressive RET program on the fiber type-specific skeletal muscle hypertrophic response in older adults. Nineteen subjects, 10 men and 9 women (71.1±4.3yr) were studied before and after the 12-week program. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to quantify myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression, cross-sectional area (CSA), satellite cell abundance, myonuclear content, and lipid droplet density. RET induced an increase in MyHC type II fiber frequency and a concomitant decrease in MyHC type I fiber frequency. Mean CSA increased significantly only in MyHC type II fibers (+23.3%, p0.05). RET induced adaptations to the capillary supply to satellite cells, with the distance between satellite cells and the nearest capillary increasing in type I fibers and decreasing in type II fibers. Both fiber types showed similar decrements in intramuscular lipid density with training (p less then 0.05). Our data provide intriguing evidence for a fiber-type specific response to RET in older adults and suggest flexibility in the myonuclear domain of type II fibers during a hypertrophic stimulus.Objectives To investigate the prevalence of malnutrition risk and its association with adverse outcomes in a Belgian cohort of community-dwelling adults aged ≥80 years, a worldwide growing age-group.Methods In the BELFRAIL cohort, malnutrition risk was evaluated with the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA total score less then 24) and prealbumin levels ( less then 20 mg/dl). Agreement between them was assessed with Kohen's kappa coefficient. Association with first unplanned hospitalization (3.0 ± 0.25 years follow-up) and mortality (5.1 ± 0.25 years follow-up) was investigated with survival analysis and Cox multivariate regression.Results Out of 567 BELFRAIL participants, 556 (98.1%) had MNA and 545 (96.1%) prealbumin levels. Sixty-eight (12.2%) were at risk of malnutrition based on MNA and 69 (12.7%) based on prealbumin, with very poor agreement between them (Kappa = 0.024, 95% CI -0.064, 0.112). For both MNA and prealbumin, participants with malnutrition risk had lower physical and cognitive performance tests' scores. They had no higher risk for first hospitalization compared to those without malnutrition risk, but higher risk for all-cause mortality even after adjustment for multimorbidity, inflammation, physical and mental functioning (HR 1.35 95%CI 0.92-1.97 for MNA; HR 1.46; 95%CI 1.01-2.12 for prealbumin).Conclusion Malnutrition risk based on MNA or prealbumin was low in a Belgian cohort of community-dwelling adults aged ≥80 years. Physical and cognitive performance was lower in those with malnutrition risk, but malnutrition risk was not independently associated with hospitalization and mortality (except for malnutrition risk by prealbumin). Further research needs to investigate the best tool to assess malnutrition risk in this age group.