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Pragmatic Genuine Philosophy
Pragmatism emphasizes context and experience. It could be lacking an explicit set of fundamental principles or an encapsulated ethical framework. This can lead to the absence of idealistic goals or transformational changes.
In contrast to deflationary theories pragmatic theories do not deny the idea that statements are correlated to actual events. They simply elucidate the role that truth plays in practical activities.
Definition
The word pragmatic is used to describe people or things that are practical, rational and sensible. It is frequently used to distinguish between idealistic which is a person or an idea that is based upon ideals or high principles. A pragmatic person looks at the real-world conditions and circumstances when making decisions, and is focused on what can realistically be accomplished rather than trying to achieve the best theoretical course of action.
프라그마틱 정품 is a new philosophical movement, focuses on the importance that practical consequences have in determining what is true, meaning or value. It is an alternative to the dominant continental and analytical traditions. It was developed by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and Josiah Royce, pragmatism developed into two opposing streams of thought, one tending toward relativism and the other towards realism.
One of the central issues in pragmatism concerns the nature of truth. While many pragmatists agree that truth is an important concept, they disagree about how to define it and how it is used in the real world. One method that is influenced by Peirce and James, is focused on the ways people solve questions and make assertions. It prioritizes the speech-act and justification projects of language-users in determining if truth is a fact. Another approach, inspired by Rorty and his followers, focuses on the more mundane aspects of truth--the way it serves to generalize, admonish and warn--and is not concerned with a complete theory of truth.
This neopragmatic view of the truth has two flaws. It firstly, it flings with relativism. Truth is a concept that has an extensive and long-standing tradition that it's unlikely that its meaning could be reduced to a few commonplace use as pragmatists would do. Another flaw is that pragmatism also appears to be a way of thinking that denies the existence of truth, at the very least in its metaphysical and fundamental form. This is reflected in the fact that pragmatists, such as Brandom (who has an obligation to Peirce and James) are generally in silence on metaphysical questions, while Dewey's extensive writings have just one reference to the question of truth.
Purpose
The purpose of pragmatism was to offer an alternative to analytic and Continental traditions of philosophy. The first generation of pragmatists was founded by Charles Sanders Peirce and William James along alongside their Harvard colleague Josiah Royce (1855-1916). The classical pragmatists were focused on the theory of inquiry as well as the nature of truth. Their influence was felt by several influential American thinkers, including John Dewey (1859-1952), who applied these concepts to education as well as other aspects of social development, and Jane Addams (1860-1935) who founded social work.
In recent years a new generation of philosophers has given pragmatism more space to discuss. Many of these neopragmatists are not classical pragmatists but they consider themselves part of the same tradition. Their most prominent persona is Robert Brandom, whose work is focused on semantics and the philosophy of language but who also draws on the philosophy of Peirce and James.
One of the major distinctions between the classical pragmatists and neo-pragmatists is their understanding of what it takes for an idea to be true. The classical pragmatists focused on a concept called 'truth-functionality,' which states that an idea is genuinely true if it is useful in practice. Neo-pragmatists insist on the notion of 'ideal warranted assertibility,' which says that an idea is true if a claim made about it can be justified in a particular way to a particular audience.
There are however some issues with this perspective. It is often accused of being used to justify illogical and ridiculous theories. The gremlin theory is a prime example of this: It's an idea that is effective in practice but is unsubstantiated and likely absurd. This isn't a major problem, but it highlights one of the main weaknesses of pragmatism: it can be used as a justification for almost everything.
Significance
When making a decision, it is important to be pragmatic by taking into account the world as it is and its circumstances. It may be used to refer to a philosophical position that emphasizes practical consequences in the determination of truth, meaning, or value. William James (1842-1910) first used the term pragmatism to describe this viewpoint in a lecture at the University of California, Berkeley. James scrupulously swore that the term was coined by his friend and mentor Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), but the pragmatist outlook quickly gained a name of its own.
The pragmatists resisted analytic philosophy's sharp dichotomies like mind and body, thought and experience, and synthesthetic and analytic. They also rebuffed the idea of truth as something fixed or objective and instead treated it as a constantly evolving socially-determined idea.
James utilized these themes to explore truth in religion. A second generation turned the pragmatist view of education, politics and other aspects of social development under the influence of John Dewey (1859-1952).
In recent years, neopragmatists have attempted to place the pragmatism in a larger Western philosophical context. They have identified the commonalities between Peirce's ideas and those of Kant and other idealists of the 19th century, and the emerging science of evolution theory. They also sought to understand truth's role in an original epistemology a priori and developed a Metaphilosophy of the practical that includes theories of the meaning of language, as well as the nature and origin of knowledge.
However, pragmatism continues to evolve and the a posteriori model that it developed remains a significant departure from traditional methods. The people who defend it have had to confront a variety of objections that are as old as the pragmatic theory itself, but have gained more attention in recent times. These include the idea that pragmatism simply implodes when applied to moral questions and its assertion that "what is effective" is little more than a form of relativism with a less-polished appearance.
Methods
Peirce's epistemological approach included a practical explanation. Peirce saw it as a way to undermine metaphysical concepts that were false like the Catholic conception of transubstantiation Cartesian methods of seeking certainty in epistemology and Kant's notion of a 'thing in itself' (Simson 2010).
For a lot of modern pragmatists the Pragmatic Maxim is all that one can reasonably expect from the theory of truth. They tend to avoid the deflationist theories of truth that require verification to be valid. Instead they advocate a different method which they call "pragmatic explication". This involves explaining the way an idea is utilized in the real world and identifying criteria that must be met in order to confirm it as true.
This approach is often criticized for being an example of form-relativism. It is less extreme than deflationist alternatives, and is a useful way to get out of some the relativist theories of reality's issues.
In the end, many philosophical ideas that are liberatory, such as those associated with ecological, feminism Native American philosophy and Latin American philosophy - are currently looking to the pragmatist tradition for direction. Moreover, many philosophers who are analytic (such as Quine) have taken on pragmatism with the kind of enthusiasm that Dewey himself could not muster.
While pragmatism is a rich legacy, it is important to realize that there are significant flaws in the philosophy. Particularly, the philosophy of pragmatism is not an accurate test of truth and is not applicable to moral issues.
A few of the most influential pragmatists, including Quine and Wilfrid Sellars, also criticized the philosophy. However it has been brought back from obscurity by a diverse range of philosophers, including Richard Rorty, Cornel West and Robert Brandom. These philosophers, although not classical pragmatists, owe much to the philosophy and work of Peirce James and Wittgenstein. Their works are worth reading for those interested in this philosophical movement.