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The mammillary bodies (MB) and hippocampi are important for memory function and are often affected following neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The aim of this study was to assess neurodevelopmental outcome in 10-year-old children with HIE with and without therapeutic hypothermia. Additional aims were to assess the associations between MB atrophy, brain volumes (including the hippocampi), white matter microstructure and neurodevelopmental outcome at school-age. Ten-year-old children with HIE were included, who were treated with therapeutic hypothermia (n = 22) or would have qualified but were born before this became standard of care (n = 28). Children completed a neuropsychological and motor assessment and MRI. Mammillary bodies were scored as normal or atrophic at 10 years. Brain volumes were segmented on childhood MRI and DTI scans were analysed using tract-based spatial statistics. Children with HIE suffered from neurocognitive and memory problems at school-age, irrespective of hypothermia. Hippocampal volumes and MB atrophy were associated with total and performance IQ, processing speed and episodic memory in both groups. Normal MB and larger hippocampi were positively associated with global fractional anisotropy. In conclusion, injury to the MB and hippocampi was associated with neurocognition and memory at school-age in HIE and might be an early biomarker for neurocognitive and memory problems.GSTA1 encodes a member of a family of enzymes that function to add glutathione to target electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins, and products of oxidative stress. GSTA1 has several functional SNPs within its promoter region that are responsible for a change in its expression by altering promoter function. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/dinaciclib-sch727965.html https://www.selleckchem.com/products/dinaciclib-sch727965.html] This study aims to investigate distributions of GSTA1 promoter haplotypes across different human populations and to assess their impact on the expression of GSTA1. PHASE 2.1.1 was used to infer haplotypes and diplotypes of six GSTA1 promoter SNPs on 2501 individuals from 26 populations classified by the 1000 Genomes Project into five super-populations that included Africa (N = 660), America (N = 347), East Asia (N = 504), Europe (N = 502), and South Asia (N = 488). We used pairwise FST analysis to compare sub-populations and luciferase reporter assay (LRA) to evaluate the impact of each SNP on activation of transcription and interaction with other SNPs. The distributions of GSTA1 promoter haplotypes and diplotypes were significantly different among the different human populations. Three new promoter haplotypes were found in the African super-population. LRA demonstrated that SNPs at -52 and -69 has the most impact on GSTA1 expression, however other SNPs have a significant impact on transcriptional activity. Based on LRA, a new model of cis-elements interaction is presented. Due to the significant differences in GSTA1 diplotype population frequencies, future pharmacogenomics or disease-related studies would benefit from the inclusion of the complete GSTA1 promoter haplotype based on the newly proposed metabolic grouping derived from the LRA results.Nitrite (NO2-) is a crucial compound in the N soil cycle. As an intermediate of nearly all N transformations, its isotopic signature may provide precious information on the active pathways and processes. NO2- analyses have already been applied in 15N tracing studies, increasing their interpretation perspectives. Natural abundance NO2- isotope studies in soils were so far not applied and this study aims at testing if such analyses are useful in tracing the soil N cycle. We conducted laboratory soil incubations with parallel natural abundance and 15N treatments, accompanied by isotopic analyses of soil N compounds (NO3-, NO2-, NH4+). The double 15N tracing method was used as a reference method for estimations of N transformation processes based on natural abundance nitrite dynamics. We obtained a very good agreement between the results from nitrite isotope model proposed here and the 15N tracing approach. Natural abundance nitrite isotope studies are a promising tool to our understanding of soil N cycling.Few studies have assessed the association between clustering of cardio-metabolic risk factors (CMRFs) and pre-diabetes in children or adolescents. We aimed to examine the association between clustering of CMRFs and pre-diabetes among U.S. adolescents. Data were available for 5,633 U.S. adolescents aged 12-19 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999-2014. Pre-diabetes was defined as impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (fasting plasma glucose 100-125 mg/dL), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (2-h plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dL) or elevated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (HbA1c 5.7-6.4%). The individual CMRFs considered in the present study were as follows waist-to-height ratio, blood pressure, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CMRFs were defined based on the modified National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria or the modified International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between clustering of CMRFs and pre-diabetes with adjustment for potential covariates. Among 5633 adolescents, 11.4% had IFG, 4.7% had IGT, 4.5% had elevated HbA1c and 16.1% had pre-diabetes. Compared with adolescents with no CMRFs, the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for pre-diabetes across the clustering of CMRFs (i.e., 1, 2, 3, and 4) were 1.32 (1.03-1.68), 2.07 (1.55-2.76), 2.52 (1.69-3.76), and 5.41 (3.14-9.32), respectively, based on the modified NCEP criteria. The corresponding ORs with 95% CIs were 1.16 (0.89-1.51), 1.78 (1.35-2.36), 3.07 (1.89-4.98) and 12.20 (3.93-37.89), respectively, based on the modified IDF criteria. The present study suggests that the clustering of CMRFs is associated with increased pre-diabetes among U.S. adolescents. It might be necessary for effective strategies and measures targeting adolescents with clustering of CMRFs, including those with less than 3 risk factors.We theoretically determine the magnetic exchange interaction between two ferromagnets coupled by a superconductor using a tight-binding lattice model. The main purpose of this study is to determine how the self-consistently determined superconducting state influences the exchange interaction and the preferred ground-state of the system, including the role of impurity scattering. We find that the superconducting state eliminates RKKY-like oscillations for a sufficiently large superconducting gap, making the anti-parallel orientation the ground state of the system. Interestingly, the superconducting gap is larger in the parallel configuration than in the anti-parallel configuration, giving a larger superconducting condensation energy, even when the preferred ground state is anti-parallel. We also show that increasing the impurity concentration in the superconductor causes the exchange interaction to decrease, likely due to an increasing localization of the mediating quasiparticles in the superconductor.