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ht hemispheric predominance may be explained by an early insult, likely genetically determined, on brain morphogenesis.<br />To improve epidemiologic knowledge of neurologic deterioration (ND) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS).<br />In this prospective observational study, we captured ND prospectively in 29,446 patients with AIS admitted to 15 hospitals in Korea within 7 days of stroke onset. ND was defined as an increase in NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score ≥2 (total), or ≥1 (motor or consciousness), or any new neurologic symptoms. Change in incidence rate after stroke onset, causes, factors associated with ND, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 3 months and 1 year, and a composite of stroke, myocardial infarction, and all-cause death at 1 year were assessed.<br />ND occurred in 4,299 (14.6%) patients. The highest rate, 6.95 per 1,000 person-hours incidence, was within the first 6 hours, which decreased to 2.09 within 24-48 hours, and 0.66 within 72-96 hours after stroke onset. Old age, female sex, diabetes, early arrival, large artery atherosclerosis as a stroke subtype, high NIHSS scores, glucose level, systolic blood pressure, leukocytosis at admission, recanalization therapy, TIA without a relevant lesion, and steno-occlusion of relevant arteries were associated with ND. The causes were stroke progression (71.8%) followed by recurrence (8.5%). Adjusted relative risks (95% CI) for poor outcome (mRS 3-6) at 3 months and 1 year were 1.75 (1.70-1.80) and 1.70 (1.65-1.75), respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) for the composite event was 1.59 (1.45-1.74).<br />ND should be taken into consideration as a factor that may influence the outcome in acute ischemic stroke.<br />ND should be taken into consideration as a factor that may influence the outcome in acute ischemic stroke.<br />To investigate serum neurofilament light protein (sNfL) levels in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) and to determine whether they are associated with disease severity.<br />This cross-sectional study enrolled 185 healthy controls and 235<br />mutation carriers (17 asymptomatic stage, 20 preclinical stage, and 198 ataxic stage). We measured sNfL levels with the single molecule array (Simoa) platform. Clinical disease severity was assessed using the scale of assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA) and the inventory of non-ataxia signs (INAS). In a subgroup of 50 ataxic stage patients, we further evaluated the gray matter volume and the integrity of white matter fibers by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).<br />sNfL concentrations were elevated in asymptomatic, preclinical, and ataxic<br />mutation carriers compared to controls (12.18 [10.20-13.92], 21.84 [18.37-23.45], 36.06 [30.04-45.90] and 8.24 [5.92-10.84] pg/mL, median [interquartile range], respectively,<br />&lt; 0·001). sNfL correlated with SARA (r = 0.406, 95% confidence interval 0.284-0.515,<br />&lt; 0.0001) and INAS (r = 0.375, 95% confidence interval 0.250-0.487,<br />&lt; 0.0001), and remained significant after adjustment for age and CAG repeats. In addition, we observed negative correlations of the sNfL with gray matter volume in the left precentral gyrus and the left paracentral lobule as well as with the mean diffusivity in widespread white matter tracts.<br />Our results demonstrate that sNfL levels are increased in SCA3 and are associated with clinical disease severity, which supports sNfL as a biomarker for disease severity in SCA3.<br />This study provides Class II evidence that in patients with SCA3, sNfL elevations are associated with clinical disease severity.<br />This study provides Class II evidence that in patients with SCA3, sNfL elevations are associated with clinical disease severity.<br />To examine whether the incidence, comorbidity, and mortality of first-time ischemic stroke changed in Denmark between 1996 and 2016 overall and according to age and sex using a nationwide cohort design.<br />In this cohort study, 224,617 individuals ≥18 years of age admitted with first-time ischemic stroke between 1996 and 2016 were identified through Danish nationwide registries. We calculated annual age-standardized incidence rates and absolute 30-day and 1-year mortality risks. Furthermore, we calculated annual incidence rate ratios using Poisson regression, odds ratios for 30-day mortality using logistic regression, and hazard ratios for 1-year mortality using Cox regression.<br />The overall age-standardized incidence rates of ischemic stroke per 1,000 person-years increased from 1996 (2.70 [95% confidence interval [CI] 2.65-2.76]) to 2002 (3.25 [95% CI 3.20-3.31]) and then gradually decreased to below the initial level until 2016 (1.99 [95% CI 1.95-2.02]). Men had higher incidence rates than women in all agil 2016. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gdc-0994.html Ravoxertinib molecular weight] Absolute 30-day and 1-year mortality risks decreased between 1996 and 2016. These findings correspond to increased stroke prevention awareness and introduction of new treatments during the study period.<br />To identify biotypes in patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease (PD) and to test whether these biotypes could explain interindividual differences in longitudinal progression.<br />In this longitudinal analysis, we use a data-driven approach clustering PD patients from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (n = 314, age 61.0 ± 9.5, years 34.1% female, 5 years of follow-up). Voxel-level neuroanatomic features were estimated with deformation-based morphometry (DBM) of T1-weighted MRI. Voxels with deformation values that were significantly correlated (<br />&lt; 0.01) with clinical scores (Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Parts I-III and total score, tremor score, and postural instability and gait difficulty score) at baseline were selected. Then, these neuroanatomic features were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis. Changes in the longitudinal progression and neuroanatomic pattern were compared between different biotypes.<br />Two neurose of longitudinal progression, which should benefit trial design and evaluation.<br />To determine the pattern of treatment response in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) and whether routinely assessed clinical and neurophysiological parameters allow predicting response to lamotrigine, levetiracetam, or valproic acid.<br />In 328 adult patients with IGE, demographic data, imaging, EEG data, current and prior antiepileptic treatment, treatment outcome, and side effects were analyzed from the patients' medical files and patient interviews.<br />Seizure freedom with acceptable side effects at the first attempt was achieved in 61 (18.6%) patients. One hundred four (31.7%) patients tried ≥3 antiepileptic drugs before achieving seizure control at the last follow-up. Lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and valproic acid showed differential response rates (39.8% vs 47.5% vs 71.1%) that were most pronounced in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. The risk of having side effects was higher with valproic acid (23.7%) than with lamotrigine (10.4%) or levetiracetam (20.4%) treatment, contributing to the low retention rate of valproic acid (53.