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Independent<br />-test and Chi-square/Fisher's exact test were used to analyze the data.<br />The time taken for cessation of shivering was significantly less with nalbuphine in comparison with tramadol (<br />&lt; 0.05). It was observed that the response time at 5 and 30 min and rescue dose requirement for control of shivering were not much difference (<br />&gt; 0.05).<br />Both nalbuphine and tramadol are effective; however, the time taken for cessation of shivering is significantly less with nalbuphine when compared to tramadol. Furthermore, tramadol causes significantly more nausea and vomiting; however, nalbuphine causes significantly more sedation.<br />Both nalbuphine and tramadol are effective; however, the time taken for cessation of shivering is significantly less with nalbuphine when compared to tramadol. Furthermore, tramadol causes significantly more nausea and vomiting; however, nalbuphine causes significantly more sedation.<br />Previous studies have compared varying doses of propofol and etomidate for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) without monitoring the depth of anesthesia. Seizure duration may vary with the depth of anesthesia.<br />This study aimed to compare the effects of bi-spectral index (BIS)-guided induction with propofol and etomidate on various parameters of ECT.<br />This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind study.<br />Sixty patients undergoing ECT were randomly allocated to two groups. Group P received intravenous propofol 1-2 mg.kg<br />and Group E received etomidate 0.1-0.3 mg.kg<br />to attain a BIS of 40-60. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and BIS were recorded at various time points intraoperatively till 30 min following ECT. Seizure duration, recovery time, and adverse effects were also recorded.<br />Quantitative data were compared using unpaired<br />-test. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/trometamol.html Trometamol] Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used to compare categorical data.<br />&lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.<br />The mean induction time and seizure duration were shorter (<br />&lt; 0.001), and recovery time to obey commands was longer in Group P as compared to that of Group E (<br />= 0.031). HR, SBP, and DBP for 10 min after ECT had elevated more in Group E than that in Group P (<br />&lt; 0.05). The incidence of myoclonus was higher in Group P compared to that of Group E (<br />= 0.012).<br />During ECT, BIS-guided induction with propofol provides more stable hemodynamics than etomidate, but reduces induction time, seizure duration, and recovery time more as compared to that of etomidate.<br />During ECT, BIS-guided induction with propofol provides more stable hemodynamics than etomidate, but reduces induction time, seizure duration, and recovery time more as compared to that of etomidate.<br />Dexmedetomidine is widely used as an adjunct to general as well as regional anesthesia.<br />This study was conducted to compare and evaluate the synergistic effect of single intravenous (i.v.) bolus dose of dexmedetomidine with midazolam on spinal block duration, analgesia, and sedation in patients undergoing infra-umbilical surgeries.<br />Prospective, randomized, comparative, and double-blinded study.<br />One hundred patients between 18 and 60 years of age of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II posted for elective infra-umbilical surgery under subarachnoid block were randomly divided into two groups (Group D and Group M). Patients of Group D received i.v. dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg.kg<br />and of Group M received i.v. midazolam 0.05 mg.kg<br />as premedication 5 min before spinal anesthesia over 10 min. Vital parameters, Ramsay sedation score, level of sensory and motor block, recovery time for sensory blockade, postoperative numerical rating scale, time of requirement of the first dose of postodesirable prolongation of motor block and facilitating early ambulation in shorter duration of infra-umbilical surgeries. In addition, dexmedetomidine slowed the regression of sensory block and increased the time of the first request of analgesic.<br />Spinal anesthesia is a safe, reliable, and inexpensive technique with the advantage of providing surgical anesthesia and prolonged postoperative pain relief, and it also blunts autonomic, somatic, and endocrine responses to surgical stimulus.<br />The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy 15 μg and 30 μg of intrathecal clonidine along with 3 mL of 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine in comparison with plain 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine.<br />The prospective, interventional, randomized, comparative, double-blinded study was conducted after obtaining approval from the institutional ethical committee.<br />Seventy-five patients posted for elective lower-limb orthopedic surgeries were randomly divided into three groups with 25 patients in each group as L (levobupivacaine 0.5%), LC-15 (levobupivacaine 0.5% + clonidine 15 μg), and LC-30 (levobupivacaine 0.5% + clonidine 30 μg). All the patients were given spinal anesthesia using the study drugs, and various parameters were monitored.<br />The three groups were compared statistically using analysis of variance and Student's<br />-test (independent samples<br />-test).<br />&lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.<br />There was a statistically significant difference among the three groups with respect to the onset of time for maximum sensory blockade and duration of analgesia. A statistically significant difference was noted among the three groups with respect to the onset of time for maximum motor blockade.<br />Both doses of clonidine produced prolonged sensory block compared to the control. It has been found that 30 μg of clonidine as an adjuvant has produced faster onset and prolonged duration sensory block compared to 15 μg of clonidine.<br />Both doses of clonidine produced prolonged sensory block compared to the control. It has been found that 30 μg of clonidine as an adjuvant has produced faster onset and prolonged duration sensory block compared to 15 μg of clonidine.<br />This prospective, randomized study compared CMAC<br />videolaryngoscope with intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA) for intubation under manual-in-line-stabilization (MILS) in patients undergoing cervical spine surgery. Settings and Design Sixty-five ASA Physical Status Classes I and II patients aged 18-65 years undergoing elective cervical spine surgery were randomly allocated into two groups group CM-intubation with CMAC<br />videolaryngoscope (<br />= 33) and Group IL-intubation using ILMA (<br />= 32).<br />Intubation was performed in all patients after the application of MILS. The primary outcomes included first attempt and overall intubation success rate, intubation time, and apnea time. The secondary objectives were degree of head movement, hemodynamic response, incidence of desaturation, sore throat, and tissue injury.<br />Normality of data was tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Quantitative variables were compared using the unpaired<br />-test or Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test and qualitative variables were compared using the Chi-square test/Fisher's exact test.