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Cathepsin B is one member of cysteine protease family and widely distributed in organisms, it plays an important function in parasite penetrating, migrating, molting and immune escaping. The aim of this work was to investigate whether exist interaction between a Trichinella spiralis cathepsin B (TsCB) and mouse intestinal epithelium cells (IECs), and its influence in the process of larva cell invasion. The results of ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIFA), confocal microscopy and Far western blotting showed that there was a strong specific binding of rTsCB and IEC proteins, and the binding positions were located in cytoplasm and nuclei of IECs. The results of the in vitro larva penetration test revealed that rTsCB facilitated the larva invasion of IECs, whereas anti-rTsCB antibodies impeded partially the larva intrusion of enterocytes, this promotive or inhibitory roles were dose-dependent of rTsCB or anti-rTsCB antibodies. Silencing TsCB by siRNA mediated RNA interference reduced the TsCB expression in T. spiralis larvae, and markedly inhibited the larva penetration of enterocytes. The results indicated that TsCB binding to IECs promoted larva penetration of host's enteral epithelia, and it is a promising molecular target against intestinal invasive stages of T. spiralis. In the context of significant public health benefits of brucellosis control and shrinking public resources for livestock vaccination, this paper considers the willingness of small ruminant livestock owners to pay for vaccination of their animals against brucellosis. The willingness to pay is estimated through a binary choice contingent valuation approach using data from a rural household survey specially designed for this purpose. The survey was conducted in southern Tajikistan, one of its poorest regions, in March 2009. The study used a non-parametric method for estimating the willingness to pay and a parametric (Probit) model for identifying determinants. The results show that households, including poor households, were willing to pay for continuing vaccination of their sheep and goats against brucellosis. Controlling for other attributes of willingness to pay, there was practically no correlation between willingness to pay and household asset level. This means both poor and rich alike are willing to pay for the service. On the other hand, the results also show that the willingness to pay was comparatively higher in households with relatively higher levels of education of adult females. This suggests that an awareness campaign targeted at female members of households would enhance the ownership and coverage of cost recovery programs and should form an integral part of any efforts towards introducing financial participation from sheep and goat owners for brucellosis vaccination. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Attentional Bias Modification (ABM) paradigms targeting anxiety aim to reduce attentional biases for threatening stimuli and thereby reduce anxiety. Based on cognitive theories of performance and learning, elevated levels of arousal during ABM might enhance its effectiveness by making training more engaging and activating fear schemas. [https://www.selleckchem.com/products/actinomycin-d.html selleck chemicals] This study investigated whether elevated levels of arousal during ABM would increase its effectiveness in reducing attentional bias, stress reactivity, and post-event processing. METHOD We randomly assigned 79 high socially anxious students to a session of ABM or control training preceded by either a social stress or control induction to manipulate arousal. Training outcomes were attentional bias, stress reactivity, and post-event processing. Subjective arousal was assessed before, during, and after training. RESULTS Results indicated that ABM was not successful in reducing attentional bias, stress reactivity or post-event processing, and that the effects of ABM were not moderated by subjective arousal. There was a trend towards ABM being more effective than control training in reducing attentional bias directly after training when participants were more aroused. However, this effect was not maintained one day after the training. LIMITATIONS The arousal manipulation did not result in significant between-group differences in subjective arousal. CONCLUSIONS This study did not provide support for the moderating role of arousal in ABM training effects. Replications with more effective mood induction procedures and more power are needed as a trend finding was observed suggesting that higher levels of arousal improved the direct ABM effects on attentional bias. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES According to cognitive-behavioral models, illness-related symptom evaluations and self-concepts play a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of medically unexplained somatic symptoms (MUS). However, illness-related cognitions related to MUS have rarely been studied in children/adolescents and their parents. METHODS Seventy-eight children and adolescents (M&nbsp;=&nbsp;14.2 years; 59% female) performed two versions of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure the implicit illness-related and the implicit anxiety-related self-concept. Illness-related evaluations of unspecific symptoms were assessed via the Health Norms Sorting Task (HNST), and MUS as well as characteristics of somatic symptom disorder (SSD) via questionnaires. RESULTS MUS were significantly positively associated with the explicit (r&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.30, p&nbsp; less then &nbsp;.01) and implicit illness-related self-concept (r&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.24, p&nbsp;=&nbsp;.04), but not with the anxiety-related self-concept (r&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.15, p&nbsp;=&nbsp;.18). The implicit illness-related self-concept explained incremental variance in MUS (ΔR2&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.05, p&nbsp;=&nbsp;.04) beyond the explicit illness-related self-concept. Regarding health anxiety, parental illness-related symptom evaluations moderated the relationship between child-reported severity of MUS and health anxiety (B&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.12, p&nbsp; less then &nbsp;.01). LIMITATIONS Some measures have been adapted for childhood and adolescence, but validations on larger samples are still pending. CONCLUSIONS A disorder-specific self-concept of being ill, as well as parental symptom evaluations, seem to play an essential role in MUS and health anxiety in childhood and adolescence. Due to the importance of the top-down processes found here, the findings are in line with current predictive coding models of somatic symptom perception.